Imagining Improved Interactions: Patients' Designs To Address Implicit Bias.

Implicit biases may negatively influence healthcare providers' behaviors toward patients from historically marginalized communities, impacting providers' communication style, clinical decision-making, and delivery of quality care. Existing interventions to mitigate negative experiences of implicit biases are primarily designed to increase recognition and management of stereotypes and prejudices through provider-facing tools and resources. However, there is a gap in understanding and designing interventions from patient perspectives. We conducted seven participatory co-design workshops with 32 Black, Indigenous, People of Color (BIPOC), Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning (LGBTQ+), and Queer, Transgender, Black, Indigenous, People of Color (QTBIPOC) individuals to design patient-centered interventions that help them address and recover from provider implicit biases in primary care. Participants designed four types of solutions: accountability measures, real-time correction, patient enablement tools, and provider resources. These informatics interventions extend the research on implicit biases in healthcare through inclusion of valuable, firsthand patient perspectives and experiences.

Maybe they had a bad day: how LGBTQ and BIPOC patients react to bias in healthcare and struggle to speak out.

OBJECTIVE: People who experience marginalization, including Black, Indigenous, People of Color (BIPOC) and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Plus (ie, all other marginalized genders and sexual orientations) people (LGBTQ+) experience discrimination during healthcare interactions, which negatively impacts patient-provider communication and care. Yet, scarce research examines the lived experience of unfair treatment among patients from marginalized groups to guide patient-centered tools that improve healthcare equity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We interviewed 25 BIPOC and/or LGBTQ+ people about their experiences of unfair treatment and discrimination when visiting healthcare providers. Through thematic analysis, we describe participants' immediate reactions and longer-term consequences of those experiences. RESULTS: We identified 4 ways that participants reacted to discrimination in the moment: Fighting, Fleeing, Excusing, and Working Around Bias. Long-term consequences reflect 6 ways they coped: Delaying or Avoiding Care, Changing Healthcare Providers, Self-prescribing, Covering Behaviors, Experiencing Health Complications, and Mistrusting Healthcare Institutions. DISCUSSION: By describing how patients react to experiences of unfair treatment and discrimination, our findings enhance the understanding of health disparities as patients cope and struggle to speak out.To combat these problems, we identify 3 future directions for informatics interventions that improve provider behavior, support patient advocacy, and address power dynamics in healthcare. CONCLUSIONS: BIPOC and LGBTQ+ patients' perspectives on navigating unfair treatment and discrimination in healthcare offers critical insight into their experiences and long-term consequences of those experiences. Understanding the circumstances and consequences of unfair treatment, discrimination, and the impact of bias through this patient-centered lens is crucial to inform informatics technologies that promote health equity.

Broken down by bias: Healthcare biases experienced by BIPOC and LGBTQ+ patients.

Bias toward historically marginalized patients affects patient-provider interactions and can lead to lower quality of care and poor health outcomes for patients who are Black, Indigenous, People of Color (BIPOC) and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Gender Diverse (LGBTQ+). We gathered experiences with biased healthcare interactions and suggested solutions from 25 BIPOC and LGBTQ+ people. Through qualitative thematic analysis of interviews, we identified ten themes. Eight themes reflect the experience of bias: Transactional Care, Power Inequity, Communication Casualties, Bias-Embedded Medicine, System-level problems, Bigotry in Disguise, Fight or Flight, and The Aftermath. The remaining two themes reflect strategies for improving those experiences: Solutions and Good Experiences. Characterizing these themes and their interconnections is crucial to design effective informatics solutions that can address biases operating in clinical interactions with BIPOC and LGBTQ+ patients, improve the quality of patient-provider interactions, and ultimately promote health equity.